Embryonic Developmental Malformations and Neurotoxicity in Mice Induced by Aspirin Exposure

Introduction: Aspirin or acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is classified as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, and it is commonly used to reduce fever, alleviate pain, and has anti-inflammatory properties. Pregnant women often use aspirin, especially in the first trimester of pregnancy, as it is easily available over-the-counter. It is prescribed for long-term use during pregnancy in certain chronic conditions and to manage obstetrical complications like preterm labor and polyhydramnios. As there is limited literature about the teratogenic effects of aspirin, the present study has been undertaken. Methods: Pregnant Swiss albino mice were separated into two groups, comprising 88 mice each: a control and a treated. The treated group was administered aspirin at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight via the oral route from the 3 rd to the 5 th day of gestation, while the control group received an equivalent volume of tap water orally. On the 19 th day of gestation, the mice from each group were sacrificed. The collected fetuses were carefully examined and photographed to document any visible abnormalities. After being fixed in a 10% neutral formalin solution, the brain of the fetuses were extracted, photographed, and then further processed for histological examination. Results: Gross examination reveals no malformations in control group fetuses, while 40.3% of treated group fetuses show hemorrhagic spots, 20.7% have forelimb deformities, and other defects are noted, including reduced crown-rump length and venous congestion. Microscopic examination of the cerebral cortex in treated fetuses shows significant neurotoxic changes, including edema, cell degeneration, and prominent cellular debris. Conclusions: While aspirin is commonly utilized, it poses potential risks of toxicity and teratogenic effects. Therefore, clinicians should thoroughly justify its use in women during the early stages of pregnancy.