Percutaneous closure of an ultra-long-tunnel-type patent foramen ovale: a rare case with multimodal imaging guidance

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Routine preoperative right heart contrast echocardiography for the patient’s PFO closure procedure revealed a large number of microbubbles in the left heart

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  Fig. 2. After the Valsalva maneuver, the number of microbubbles in the left heart increased significantly

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  Fig. 3. Transesophageal echocardiography shows the right atrial separation of the patent foramen ovale detected at the fossa ovalis in the middle of the interatrial septum

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  Fig. 4. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) revealed a PFO

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  Fig. 5. CT atrial reconstruction revealed the anatomical relationship between the PFO and the atria

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  Fig. 6. DSA during the PFO closure procedure showed an ultra-long tunnel with a length of 37 mm

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  Fig. 7. OCT revealed rough walls of the PFO tunnel, visible thrombus-like echoes, and a tunnel length of 37 mm

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  Fig. 8. The patient`s the latest right heart contrast echocardiography showed no microbubbles