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February 8, 2026Infectious Diseases0 citations

Long-term follow-up of antibody and T-cell responses after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in infection-naïve and infected individuals with focus on breakthrough infections

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EMEmelie MarklundSahlgrenska University HospitalSLSusannah LeachUniversity of GothenburgKNKristina NystrômSahlgrenska University Hospital

Key Points

  • This research aims to assess the long-term antibody and T-cell responses post COVID-19 mRNA vaccination.
  • Long-term follow-up of individuals with hybrid immunity and infection-naïve individuals
  • Assessment of RBD-IgG levels after mRNA vaccination
  • Comparison of responses between individuals with and without breakthrough infections
  • Individuals with hybrid immunity had higher RBD-IgG levels compared to infection-naïve subjects up to 23 months post-vaccination
  • Elevated antibody responses were primarily noted in the first year for those infected pre-vaccination
  • Differences in responses were more pronounced for antibodies than T-cells

Abstract

Individuals with hybrid immunity had significantly higher RBD-IgG levels than infection-naïve subjects up to 23 months post-vaccination when including breakthrough infections, while elevated antibody responses were limited to the first year in those infected pre-vaccination. Differences were more pronounced for antibody than T-cell responses when comparing individuals with and without breakthrough infections.

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Cite This Study

Marklund et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/698827570fc35cd7a8845fd0https://doi.org/10.1080/23744235.2026.2624526
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