Phytochemical Profiling and Larvicidal Mechanisms of Olive ( Olea europaea L.) Leaf Extract Against Culex pipiens : Antioxidant, Enzymatic Inhibition, and Computational Docking Insights

This study investigated ultrasound‐assisted olive leaf extract for its phytochemical profile, antioxidant capacity, and larvicidal activity against Culex pipiens larvae. UPLC‐MS analysis identified 13 metabolites, with oleuropein as the predominant compound. The extract exhibited strong antioxidant activity (IC 50 = 9.74 µg/mL) and concentration‐dependent larvicidal effects, causing 100% mortality at 80 µg/mL. Biochemical assays revealed significant inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity alongside concentration‐dependent modulation of glutathione S ‐transferase, indicating a multifaceted physiological response in larvae. Molecular docking analysis provided supportive structural insight into the potential interaction of oleuropein with the acetylcholinesterase active site, complementing the experimental findings. These results suggest that olive leaf extract acts as an eco‐friendly, multitarget larvicide, combining antioxidant properties with enzymatic inhibition. Its low environmental impact and efficacy position it as a promising natural agent for sustainable mosquito control.