Background/Objectives: Virus-like particles (VLPs) are effective vaccine platforms but are susceptible to degradation, which compromises stability and immunogenicity. A key challenge is the lack of sensitive early indicators of instability. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the stability of an aluminum-free recombinant hepatitis E virus VLP vaccine under various stresses and identify predictive markers of instability. Methods: The VLP vaccine was subjected to thermal stress (4 °C, 25 °C, 37 °C, 56 °C for up to 28 d), repeated freeze–thaw cycles (up to 30 cycles), and mechanical agitation (orbital shaking at 100 and 300 rpm for up to 12 d). Stability was assessed using a multi-parameter panel monitoring critical quality attributes: conformational and colloidal stability, formation of high-molecular-weight species, mean particle size, polydispersity index, charge heterogeneity, and antigen content. Results: Changes in charge heterogeneity were the earliest indicator of instability, detectable within 3 days at 25 °C, 8 h at 37 °C, and 4 h at 56 °C, preceding losses in structural integrity or antigen-binding function. The VLPs remained stable at 25 °C for 28 d. Freeze–thaw cycles induced a basic shift in charge variants without compromising structure or function, while high-intensity shaking (300 rpm) caused aggregation after 3–6 d. The effects of common excipients were also characterized. Conclusions: Charge-variant analysis serves as a sensitive and predictive marker for VLP vaccine instability. The study delineates the distinct impacts of different stress factors and provides critical data for optimizing formulation design and storage strategies to enhance VLP vaccine stability.
Qi et al. (2026) studied this question.