Permanent human settlement on the Moon represents one of humanity’s most ambitious architectural and engineering challenges. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of current lunar habitat design strategies being developed by NASA, ESA, JAXA, China, and Russia for deployment within the next 5–10 years. We examine four fundamental architectural approaches: prefabricated inflatable modules, 3D-printed regolith structures, lava tube utilization, and metabolist-inspired modular frameworks. Through critical evaluation of each methodology’s structural systems, material optimization, deployment mechanisms, and habitability considerations, we identify key design tensions between mass efficiency, radiation protection, psychological well-being, and scalability. Our analysis reveals that while prefabricated systems offer immediate deployment advantages, they suffer from prohibitive launch costs. Conversely, in-situ resource utilization through 3D printing and lava tube exploitation presents long-term sustainability benefits but introduces significant technical uncertainties. We argue that successful lunar architecture must transcend purely functional requirements to address placemaking, crew rotation dynamics, and the psychological impacts of extreme environmental isolation. This research contributes to the emerging discourse on extraterrestrial architecture by synthesizing technical specifications with human-centered design principles, proposing a holistic framework for sustainable lunar habitation.
Revista et al. (Fri,) studied this question.