Unraveling nonlinear impacts of seasonal climate and built environments on exercise walking in high-density cities via a modified machine learning approach

Exercise walking in high-density cities is shaped by both seasonal climate variability and spatial heterogeneity of the built environments. Improving pedestrian infrastructure, managing density thresholds, and implementing climate sensitive design can mitigate adverse weather impacts and foster year-round walking. Tailored strategies, including enhancing microclimate resilience in ecological zones, optimizing density and functional mix in commercial districts, and restructuring fragmented large blocks, are essential to create pedestrian friendly, health oriented, and climate adaptive cities.