Advances in green-synthesized magnetic nanoparticles for targeted cancer therapy: mechanisms, applications, and future perspectives

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) have gained significant attention for their potential in cancer therapy, particularly in targeted drug delivery, imaging, and hyperthermia treatments due to their unique magnetic properties, biological compatibility and applicability. This literature review focuses on recent progress in the green-synthesized MNP, explores their mechanisms of drug delivery, and critically evaluates their clinical applicability. The gaps in the literature that this review addresses include the inconsistency in nanoparticle size and surface properties, the limitations in achieving sustained and predictable drug release, and the difficulties in maintaining long-term stability in physiological conditions. It also discusses potential future development, including smart nanotechnology, individual medicine, and AI-acquired platforms. These findings show how MNPs can increase precise oncology by increasing medical effect, reducing toxicity and lightweight real-time monitoring of treatments.