Rooftop Photovoltaics as Negative Load to Mitigate Electric Vehicle Charging Peaks in Jamali Grid by 2060 to Achieve Net Zero Emission in Indonesia

Indonesia’s long-term climate strategy targets net-zero emissions by 2060. In this context, this paper develops a simulation for the Java–Madura–Bali (Jamali) grid to quantify the joint impact of electric vehicle (EV) uptake and rooftop photovoltaic (PV) integration on system performance from 2025 to 2060. Historical statistics and national planning projections were used to calibrate annual capacity, peak load, and energy trajectories, which were downscaled to hourly resolutions. EV charging demand, generated using state-of-charge-dependent Alternating Current (AC) and Direct Current (DC) load profiles, and PV output were modeled across a 36-year span under a 5 × 5 policy matrix, producing a 900-scenario-year. These scenarios range from Business-as-usual (BAU) to aggressive interventions (including subsidies, regulation, and smart management). The scenarios were evaluated using a min–max composite index weighting supply–demand balance, production–consumption balance, and policy cost. Based on this simulation inputs, results indicate that the scenario combining regulated EV growth with BAU PV adoption achieves the highest average composite score. While charge-time management strategies provided the best adequacy, highly interventionist EV–PV packages were the most expensive without delivering proportional benefits. The study concludes that, with this current parameter input, moderate and regulation-driven strategies outperform aggressive interventions when adequacy, balance, and cost are jointly considered.