Tornado Impact on Public Infrastructure in the Czech Republic: A Case Study of the 2021 Moravia Event

Tornadoes represent a significant natural hazard to critical infrastructure worldwide, as they can cause sudden and severe damage with far-reaching societal consequences. In this study, the authors investigate the vulnerability and resilience of public and critical infrastructure buildings in the Czech Republic to tornado impacts, with a particular focus on the 2021 South Moravian tornado. The research identifies key structural weaknesses, damage patterns, and protective factors through a detailed field survey of 46 tornado-affected buildings. The results highlight that building size, construction quality, material durability, and maintenance significantly influence tornado resistance. Buildings of reinforced concrete and steel frames showed higher resistance, while older, inadequately maintained masonry and timber buildings were highly susceptible to collapse. The conclusions recommend regular maintenance of building, structural reinforcement, installation of protection elements and robust roof system of public buildings. These insights provide a practical foundation for strengthening disaster preparedness policies at regional or national levels.