Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a critical worldwide health concern, emphasizing the need for accurate, portable, and user-friendly diagnostic instruments. This study examines recent developments in miniaturized devices and point-of-care (POC) technologies for detecting kidney-related biomarkers. It discusses advancements in electrochemical, optical, and microfluidic sensors, as well as their applications in monitoring kidney function. The assessment evaluates the effectiveness of these devices, their accuracy and reliability, and the challenges they present. It also examines new trends and prospects, illustrating how these technologies can enhance the early detection and management of CKD. This review aims to guide and inform the future developments of miniaturized devices for kidney health by linking research to real-world healthcare demands, thereby making care more accessible and personalized.
Kumar et al. (Sun,) studied this question.