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This research aims to assess the technical feasibility and readiness of innovative mobility systems through a hybrid framework. It specifically focuses on the Pods4Rail project as a case study.

February 11, 2026Open Access

System Readiness Assessment for Emerging Multimodal Mobility Systems Using a Hybrid Qualitative–Quantitative Framework

Key Points

This research aims to assess the technical feasibility and readiness of innovative mobility systems through a hybrid framework. It specifically focuses on the Pods4Rail project as a case study.
Developed a hybrid qualitative–quantitative framework for assessment
Integrated Technology Readiness Level (TRL) and System Readiness Level (SRL) evaluations
Employed a Monte Carlo algorithm for uncertainty propagation
Utilized expert judgment and visual heat maps for qualitative insights
Analyzed maturity gaps in subsystems related to automation and sustainability.
Pods4Rail system currently assessed between SRL 1 and SRL 2 stages
Hardware subsystems show higher maturity compared to planning and operational functions
Framework allows for realistic uncertainty representation in system readiness assessment
Provides statistical analysis capabilities for different characteristics of readiness distribution.

Abstract

This paper presents a hybrid qualitative–quantitative framework for assessing the technical feasibility and system readiness of emerging multimodal mobility concepts, with specific application to the Pods4Rail project. The methodology integrates expert-based Technology Readiness Level (TRL) assessment with a probabilistic System Readiness Level (SRL) estimation that incorporates uncertainties in both TRLs and Integration Readiness Levels (IRLs). The qualitative component uses expert judgment and visual heat maps to identify subsystem-specific maturity gaps, particularly in automation, digitalization, and sustainability. The quantitative component explicitly separates three methodological layers often treated implicitly in prior research: (i) the probabilistic model representing uncertainties in TRL and IRL, (ii) the uncertainty-propagation problem linking these variables to system-level readiness, and (iii) the Monte Carlo algorithm employed to solve this problem. This structure enables the derivation of SRL distributions that reflect uncertainty more realistically than deterministic approaches, allowing statistical analysis of different characteristics of these distributions and exploratory sensitivity analysis. Results show that the Pods4Rail system is positioned between SRL 1 and SRL 2, corresponding to concept refinement and technology development stages. While hardware-related subsystems such as the Transport Unit and Rail Carrier Unit exhibit relatively higher maturity, planning, logistics, and operational management functionalities remain at early development stages. By combining interpretative insight with statistical rigor, the proposed framework offers a transparent and reproducible approach to early-phase readiness assessment. Its transferability makes it suitable for other innovative mobility systems facing similar challenges of incomplete information, uncertain integration pathways, and high conceptual complexity.

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