Impact of Altitude, Nozzle Type and Remote Sensing on Pesticide Deposition Quality and Efficiency in Wheat Crop Protection

Selecting optimal spraying parameters is critical for effective, economical, and environmentally responsible crop protection. This study investigates how drone spraying altitude and nozzle type influence pesticide deposition and drift during wheat treatment. Results show that higher altitudes significantly reduce deposition due to droplet drift and evaporation, while air-injector nozzles improve efficiency by producing larger droplets. Maximum deposition was achieved at a flight altitude of 1.5 m, with air-injector nozzles reaching up to 80% deposition. By combining deposition analysis with multispectral imaging for crop stress detection, the study proposes a data-driven framework to optimize drone-based pesticide application.