Abstract Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains a global health challenge despite the availability of highly effective direct-acting antivirals. Early case identification through population screening is crucial to achieve the WHO target of HCV elimination. We conducted a population-based screening program in the Marche Region (Italy), focusing on the Local Health Authority of Pesaro–Urbino, to evaluate the feasibility and first-year outcomes of the national HCV screening campaign. Methods Between August 2023 and July 2024, individuals born between 1969 and 1989 residing in the Pesaro–Urbino area were invited to undergo free HCV testing. Screening was performed using serological anti-HCV antibody assays, and positive cases were further evaluated with HCV-RNA testing to confirm active infection. Results A total of 6,319 individuals (12.4% of the eligible population) participated in the screening program. Anti-HCV antibodies were detected in 64 participants (1.0%). Among them, 8 cases (0.13% of the total screened) showed detectable HCV-RNA, confirming ongoing infection. Conclusions The prevalence of active HCV infection in this population was low, consistent with declining national and European trends. However, the program successfully identified untreated viremic individuals who can now access curative therapy. Our findings highlight both the importance and the challenges of implementing large-scale screening campaigns in low-prevalence settings, emphasizing the need for tailored strategies to maximize participation rates and achieve elimination goals.
Porta et al. (Wed,) studied this question.