Findings reveal distinct biochemical effects of smoking hookah and cigarettes in an Iranian population, suggesting targeted smoking cessation strategies.
Our findings revealed distinct hematological and biochemical profiles across smoking groups after demographic adjustment. Elevated WBC in cigarette smokers suggests systemic inflammation, while increased RBC in hookah users may indicate hypoxic effects from prolonged carbon monoxide exposure. Future randomized controlled trials should explore the differential effects of smoking with and without nicotine on hematological and biochemical parameters, particularly including emerging tobacco products like e-cigarettes to inform targeted cessation strategies.
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Shahabi et al. (2026) studied this question.
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