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The aim is to develop and validate the PSCP Social Presence Scale for assessing perceived social presence in learning environments.

Exploring the Reliability and Validity of the PSCP Social Presence Scale

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The aim is to develop and validate the PSCP Social Presence Scale for assessing perceived social presence in learning environments.
Conducted a pilot study with 117 pre-degree university students to test item performance and factor structure.
Performed a second study with 329 students to confirm the factor structure of the scale.
Created a final version of the scale with nine items grouped into two factors: Social Interaction and Social Connectedness.
Demonstrated strong evidence for content, convergent, and construct validity with fitting CFA indices.
Achieved high internal consistency with a reliability score of α = .91 for the scale.

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Validates the PSCP Social Presence Scale's effectiveness in measuring social presence, suggesting its utility in educational contexts.

Özek et al. (2026) studied this question.

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