The Function of Secondary Metabolites and Associated Genes in Combatting Abiotic Stress Caused by Chromium Nitrate in Amaranthus viridis L.

Green amaranth, or Amaranthus viridis L., is a plant that thrives in warmer climates worldwide. Additionally, the whole plant has analgesic and antipyretic properties, which serve to treat fever and pain, respectively, in traditional medicine. Chromium (Cr), a transition metal with versatile applications, but is poisonous in excess. It becomes more soluble and potent in acidic soils, where the growth and efficiency of the plant are drastically constricted by its toxicity. Our findings indicate that chromium is toxic to A. viridis , resulting in poor root elongation, necrosis, chlorosis, and reduced growth. Cr stress jeopardizes the integrity and functioning of cells by weakening lipids, proteins, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) through oxidative damage that produces reactive oxygen species (ROS). To counteract these effects, A. viridis stimulates an assortment of defense mechanisms, comprising antioxidant enzymes such as peroxidases, catalase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Likewise, in the aftermath of chromium stress, nonenzymatic antioxidants like glutathione and ascorbate accumulate, boosting the plant's resilience to oxidative damage. This study aims to elucidate the mechanisms behind the resistance of A. viridis to chromium toxicity through an investigation of physiological, biochemical, forby anatomical responses of the plant to chromium stress. Understanding the stress response mechanism is critical for improving cultivation in acidic soils, advancing sustainable agriculture, and ensuring food security in locations where soil acidification is a danger. Furthermore, the findings of this study may aid in the development of chromium‐resistant crop types, therefore enhancing agricultural processes and crop yields throughout the world.