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Fit-hacking: Questionable research practices in structural equation modeling

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This article highlights QRPs in SEM and suggests improvements for research credibility in applied linguistics.

The aim is to identify and discuss questionable research practices in structural equation modeling and their implications for research credibility.
Synthesize existing literature on QRPs in research.
Identify seven categories of problematic practices in SEM.
Provide examples and link practices to research ethics and transparency.
Identified seven QRPs associated with SEM including not checking assumptions and incomplete reporting.
Demonstrated how these practices can undermine research integrity.
Presented recommendations for integrating best practices with open science principles.

Al‐Hoorie et al. (2026) studied this question.

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