Direct numerical simulation investigates fluid flow changes due to surface roughness on a cylinder, indicating important flow characteristics.
This study employs direct numerical simulation (DNS), combined with the Cartesian cut-cell method and quadtree adaptive mesh refinement, to systematically investigate the effects of surface roughness on the flow past a cylinder. The varying surface roughness is described mainly in terms of the wavenumber <!-- MathType@Translator@5@5@MathML2 (no namespace).tdl@MathML 2.0 (no namespace)@ -->
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Wang et al. (2026) studied this question.
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