Empirical evidence shows mass does not solely determine gravitational coupling, implying new theories of gravity.
We present empirical evidence that gravitational observables do not scale monotonically with mass and cannot be accounted for by mass-derived or collectively sourced spacetime curvature alone. Using CMB lensing-galaxy cross-coorlations, redshift stratification, structural and morphological controls, and extensive null tests, we show that gravitational coupling depends on environmental and organizational properties independent of total mass. These results motivate a response-field description of gravity, in which gravitational effects arise from the activation of a pre-existing fied rather than being generated directly by matter. All data and analysis materials required to reproduce the results are publicly available via a linked data archive.
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Gregory Chaplin (2026) studied this question.
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