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February 16, 2026Journal of Primary Care & Community HealthOpen Access

Comparing 6-Year Carbon Footprint Between GINA Track 1 and 2 Asthma Management for Adults: A Real-World Primary Care Report from Singapore to Advocate for Policy Change in Inhaler Procurement

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Authors

NTNgiap Chuan TanDNDing Xuan NgMLMabel Qi He Leow

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Overview

Real-world data shows Track-1 asthma management improves clinical outcomes and reduces environmental impact.

Key Points

  • To quantify the carbon footprint associated with different asthma management tracks and their clinical outcomes.
  • Analyzed electronic medical records from 8 public primary care clinics
  • Included adult asthma patients aged ≥21 between 2018 and 2023
  • Compared carbon footprint and asthma control between Track-1 and Track-2 using Generalized Estimating Equations
  • Track-1 patients had a significantly lower carbon footprint of 3.3 kgCO₂e compared to 62.4 kgCO₂e in Track-2
  • 78.5% of Track-1 patients achieved good asthma control versus 68.7% in Track-2
  • Lower odds of receiving rescue therapy in Track-1 patients (approximately 30% reduction)

Cite This Study

Tan et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/699264d1eb1f82dc367a0c10https://doi.org/10.1177/21501319251411430
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Also Consider

Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context:

  1. 1The carbon footprint of as-needed budesonide/formoterol in mild asthma: a<i>post hoc</i>analysis2024 · 26 citations
  2. 2Thoughtful prescription of inhaled medication has the potential to reduce inhaler-related greenhouse gas emissions by 85%2024 · 18 citations
  3. 3Comparing Global Initiative for Asthma guideline approaches to asthma control in adolescents aged 12 and above2025
  4. 4Carbon emissions from the increasing use of inhaled corticosteroid-LABA medications: a primary care used case from Singapore2025
  5. 5A32-09 Beclometasone/Formoterol (BDP/FF) Is Non-inferior to Budesonide/Formoterol (BUD/FF) as Maintenance and Reliever Therapy (MART) and Reduces Inhaler-related GHG Emissions in Adult Asthma2026