The unmet need for the mitigation of snakebite envenoming in India: a one health perspective

Snakebite envenoming represents a significant public health challenge, particularly in regions, where venomous snakes are endemic. The One Health approach, which recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health, offers a promising framework for addressing the complex dynamics of snakebite envenoming. This review provides a comprehensive epidemiological analysis on the role of One Health in snakebite prevention, control and research efforts. Drawing on interdisciplinary perspectives, we examined the aspects on environmental, social, and economic factors influencing snakebite incidence, as well as the interactions between humans, snakes, and domestic animals. We also highlighted innovative strategies for integrating One Health principles into snakebite surveillance, education, and treatment initiatives. By synthesizing current knowledge and identifying key research gaps, this paper aims to inform the strategic efforts to mitigate the burden of snakebite envenoming within a holistic and collaborative framework.