The interplay of sleep characteristics with health factors and gut microbiome

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Comprehensive analysis of sleep patterns and gut microbiome in the dutch microbiome project cohort. a Overview of the Dutch Microbiome Project cohort and available data. b Distribution of sleep variables within the cohort. From top to bottom, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to measure sleep quality, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale was used to assess daytime sleepiness, and the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire was used to determine social jet lag and chronotypes. Icons are created by [Flaticon](https://www.flaticon.com/), used under [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

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  Fig. 2. Association between phenotypes and sleep characteristics in the Dutch Microbiome Project. The heatmap illustrates the relationship between various phenotypes and sleep characteristics. Associations were assessed using linear regression models, with age and sex included as covariates for adjustment. All tests were two-sided. Associations are color-coded orange for positive associations (indicating a phenotype’s association with poor sleep patterns) and purple for negative associations. The ring of red-shaded bars on the outside of the heatmap indicates the number of sleep variables that are significantly associated with it at study-wide FDR < 0.05. The colors of the outer ring group the phenotypes into categories (see legend). PSQI Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, ESS Epworth sleepiness scale, SJL social jet lag, FGID functional gastrointestinal disorder, BMI body mass index, hsCRP high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, HbA1c hemoglobin A1c, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, MVPA moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, NDVI normalized difference vegetation index. Source data are provided in the Source data file.

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  Fig. 3. Association between microbial features and sleep characteristics in the Dutch Microbiome Project. a Heatmap for the associations between species abundance and sleep characteristics in the Dutch Microbiome Project cohort. Red indicates positive associations (association with poor sleep patterns). Results are based on multivariable-adjusted linear regression models adjusting for age, sex, BMI, batch effects, DNA concentration, Bristol Stool Scale, and defecation frequency. Blue indicates negative associations. An asterisk (*) marks associations significant at study-wide FDR < 0.05. The colored bars at the bottom indicate the family of the species. The bar plot at the top shows species prevalence. b Venn diagram of overlap in significant microbial associations with each sleep variable. c Bar plot of the number of associations replicated in the Lifelines-DEEP cohort for each sleep characteristic. Source data are provided in the Source data file.

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  Fig. 4. Mediation among coffee intake, social jet lag, and Clostridia taxa. The inferred causal relationship between Clostridia bacterium UC5_1_1E11, Clostridia unclassified SGB14844, coffee intake, and social jet lag. The percentage shown quantifies the proportion of mediation in this relationship. Source data are provided in the Source data file.