Associations Between Social Jetlag and Gut Microbiome Profiles in Adolescents

Figures

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  Figure 1. Gut microbiome diversity in adolescents with low (< 2 h/d) and high (≥ 2 h/d) social jetlag (SJL). (A) Alpha diversity indices at the genus level. Violin plots compare the two groups (Mann–Whitney U-test). (B) Beta diversity. Principal component analysis (PCA) ordination based on weighted UniFrac distance visualizes community composition differences. Statistical testing was performed using PERMANOVA (weighted UniFrac distance) (PERMANOVA, R2= 0.01, P = 0.2). Points represent samples colored by SJL group (high vs. low).

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  Figure 2. Specific bacterial taxa at family level between SJL (SJL)≧2h/d (Orange) and SJL < 2h/d (blue) groups. (A) Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis revealed significant differences in the fecal microbiota between the two groups. Taxa with an linear discriminant analysis (|LDA|) score > 2 and a Kruskal–Wallis test p < 0.05 are listed. (B) The cladogram, constructed using the Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) method, indicates the phylogenetic distribution of fecal microbiota associated with the two SJL groups. Abbreviations: f, family level; c, class level; o, order level; p, phylum level.

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  Figure 3. Differential bacterial taxa at the genus level between groups with social jetlag (SJL) ≥ 2 h/d and < 2 h/d. (A) Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis identified taxa with significant differences in fecal microbiota between the two groups (SJL ≥ 2 h/d: Orange; SJL < 2 h/d: blue). Taxa meeting the criteria of linear discriminant analysis (|LDA|) score > 2 and a Kruskal–Wallis test p < 0.05 are listed are listed. (B) Cladogram generated by LEfSe illustrates the phylogenetic distribution of fecal microbiota associated with each group. Abbreviations: p, phylum; c, class; o, order; f, family; g, genus.