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Observational studies reveal increased cardiovascular disease risk in systemic lupus erythematosus, indicating trends may improve clinical outcomes.
Cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is driven by chronic inflammation, traditional risk factors, and SLE-specific immunological processes that likely begin before clinical diagnosis. Multiple study designs, including population-based registries, case-control studies, and systematic reviews and metaanalyses, consistently show a 2- to 3-fold increased risk of CVD in patients with SLE. 1-4
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Manzi Susan (2026) studied this question.
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