An electrochemiluminescence biosensor governed by a CRISPR-actuated electrostatic gate for ultrasensitive aflatoxin B1 detection

Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ), a potent mycotoxin, poses a critical threat to global food safety, demanding analytical methods with exceptional sensitivity. Here, we introduce a homogeneous electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensor that operates on a novel CRISPR-actuated electrostatic gating mechanism. The core of our strategy relies on controlling the access of ECL reporters to a positively charged electrode surface (PAH-ITO). In the absence of AFB 1 , cationic Ru(phen) 3 2+ reporters are electrostatically repelled from the electrode, resulting in a low background signal. The presence of AFB 1 triggers a CRISPR/Cas12a enzymatic cascade, which activates its trans-cleavage activity to release a highly anionic hybridization chain reaction (HCR) scaffold from magnetic beads (MB). This scaffold serves as a nanocarrier, capturing the Ru(phen) 3 2+ reporters and, by virtue of its strong negative charge, shuttling them to the electrode through potent electrostatic attraction. This action effectively “opens” the electrostatic gate, switching on a robust ECL signal. By synergistically integrating the high specificity of the aptamer-CRISPR system with the immense signal amplification of the HCR scaffold, all under the control of a charge-dominant switch, our biosensor achieves an outstanding limit of detection of 0.121 fg/mL and a broad linear range from 1 fg/mL to 100 pg/mL. Its successful application in spiked food samples validates its practicality and robustness, presenting a powerful new paradigm for designing minimal-background, high-gain ECL sensors for mycotoxin determination.