Purpose In Bahrain's fast-growing yet under-researched construction industry, inaccurate pre-contract cost estimation has contributed to financial instability by increasing risk exposure and reducing project viability. Given the absence of localised guidance and the distinctive market dynamics of the region, this study aims to identify the key factors influencing cost estimation accuracy and to develop a practical framework to mitigate these issues. Design/methodology/approach A mixed-methods design was employed, consisting of a literature review, a survey of 49 construction professionals and a focus group discussion with five senior experts. Survey data were analysed using descriptive statistics, supported by a non-parametric significance test to assess robustness. The focus group discussion was transcribed and thematically analysed to validate and contextualise the quantitative findings. Insights from both phases informed the development of the proposed framework. Findings Estimation accuracy is primarily affected by the quality of client-provided information, the competency and experience of the estimation team and external market volatility. The study underscores the need for comprehensive project documentation and skilled professionals, and proposes a structured framework designed to enhance estimation reliability in Bahrain's construction sector. Originality/value This research addresses a significant gap in the literature by focusing on Bahrain, an under-examined yet strategically important construction market. The study contributes original empirical evidence on pre-contract estimation challenges and introduces a context-specific, expert-informed framework. The use of triangulated mixed methods enhances the credibility of the findings, offering practical value to industry stakeholders and advancing academic understanding of estimation practices in emerging markets.
Baby et al. (Mon,) studied this question.