A Burning Issue: Interactions of the Bearded Fireworm Hermodice carunculata with Artisanal Fisheries—A Case Study from Malta (Central Mediterranean)

The bearded fireworm Hermodice carunculata (Polychaeta) has become increasingly problematic in Mediterranean artisanal fisheries, yet remains understudied. This study provides a detailed analysis of interactions between H. carunculata and artisanal fishers in Marsaxlokk, Malta’s largest fishing village. Combining fisher interviews (local ecological knowledge) and field data, the study reveals that fishing practices inadvertently sustain and amplify local fireworm populations by discarding worms and by-catch nearshore, thereby providing abundant food sources. The highest fisher activity correlated with significantly denser fireworm populations and smaller-sized individuals, indicating population growth driven by fisher practices. Fireworm predation significantly impacts fishers economically, causing an estimated direct loss of 52.5% of the expected profit across the five onboard sessions, due to damaged catch, along with additional indirect losses from reduced gear efficiency and increased labor. The worm’s painful sting adds further nuisance and discomfort for fishers who frequently handle infested gear. Despite awareness of fireworm behavior, fishers largely did not recognize their practices as exacerbating the issue, creating a feedback loop perpetuating the problem. Behavioral experiments suggested that modifying fishing practices and gear design might mitigate fireworm impacts. Addressing this socio-ecological challenge requires further targeted research, education, and policy support to break the cycle that benefits fireworm proliferation in the region to the detriment of fishers.