Biomaterials in Periodontal Therapy: Current Concepts, Clinical Applications and Future Perspectives

AbstractPeriodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by progressive destruction of the tooth supporting structures, ultimately leading to tooth loss if left untreated. Conventional periodontal therapies aim to control infection and inflammation but have limited capacity to regenerate lost periodontal tissues. Over the past few decades, biomaterials have emerged as essential adjuncts in periodontal regeneration, enabling reconstruction of alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, and cementum. This review provides a comprehensive overview of biomaterials used in periodontal therapy, including their classification, sources, biological properties, and clinical applications. Emphasis is placed on bone graft substitutes, barrier membranes, scaffolds, hydrogels, and biologically active materials such as enamel matrix derivatives and platelet concentrates. Recent advances in tissue engineering, smart biomaterials, and immunomodulatory approaches are also discussed. Despite significant progress, completeand predictable periodontal regeneration remains challenging, highlighting the need for further translational research and clinically oriented innovations.