What does this research mean for the field?

Black and Hispanic households have experienced stagnation or decline in retirement income adequacy from 2007 to 2022, contrasting with continued growth for white households. Novelty: ClaimNovelty.CONFIRMATORY. Consensus alignment: ConsensusAlignment.CHALLENGES_CONSENSUS.

What question did this study set out to answer?

This research investigates the effects of retirement income system changes on Black and Hispanic households over three decades.

February 20, 2026Review of Income and Wealth

Expected Retirement Income Adequacy of Near‐Retirement Black and Hispanic Households, 1989–2022

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This research investigates the effects of retirement income system changes on Black and Hispanic households over three decades.
Analyzed data from the Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) from 1989 to 2022.
Examined replacement rates for retirement income among different racial groups.
Compared poverty rates and income growth trends across Black, Hispanic, and white households.
Black households showed improvement in retirement income from 1989 to 2007, while Hispanic households experienced a decline.
From 2007 to 2022, retirement income growth continued for white households, but stagnated for Black and Hispanic households.
Poverty rates are expected to increase for Black households, while remaining stable for white and Hispanic households.

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Implication

Analysis reveals changing retirement income for Black and Hispanic households, suggesting ongoing disparities.

Cite This Study

Edward N. Wolff (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6997fa03ad1d9b11b3452d6a https://doi.org/10.1111/roiw.70056

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Expected Retirement Income Adequacy of Near‐Retirement Black and Hispanic Households, 1989–2022

Key Points

Discussion

Implication

Cite This Study

Expected Retirement Income Adequacy of Near‐Retirement Black and Hispanic Households, 1989–2022

Key Points

Discussion

Implication

Cite This Study

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