Design-based classification of sanitary napkins with a focus on sustainable solutions and safety standards—a comprehensive review

The widespread use of conventional sanitary napkins—primarily composed of non-biodegradable synthetic polymers—raises pressing environmental and public health concerns. In response, biodegradable and organic sanitary napkins made from natural fibers and bio-based polymers are gaining attention for their eco-compatibility, skin-friendliness, and effective absorbency. This review presents a classification of sanitary napkins—disposable, reusable, and their variations—followed by a detailed analysis of their structural layers, material innovations, and compositional design. It also briefly contextualizes the health and environmental hazards posed by conventional products, and recent fabrication strategies aimed at sustainable alternatives. Further, this review identifies environmentally responsible materials suitable for sanitary napkins and underscores the need of adopting emerging interdisciplinary innovations in developing safe, sustainable, and health-oriented menstrual hygiene solutions. Special emphasis is placed on standardized testing methodologies and regulatory benchmarks that ensure product safety, quality, and performance.