Combining trauma therapy with computer-based neurocognitive training in soldiers with post-traumatic stress disorder: a quasi-experimental study on symptom reduction and long-term memory functions

Introduction Cognitive training has the potential to reduce symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), but its effects on memory dysfunctions related to the disorder remain unclear. Goal of this study was to examine if a computer-based neurocognitive training (c-bnt) improves verbal and visuospatial long-term memory and reduces PTSD and depressive symptoms in active soldiers with PTSD. Methods In a quasi-randomized controlled design, soldiers suffering from PTSD were assigned to an intervention group (IG) or treatment as usual group (tauG). Long-term memory performance was assessed using the Verbal Learning and Memory Test (VLMT) and Visual Path Learning Test (VWLT) at baseline and after a three-week intervention period. Severity of PTSD symptoms and depression was assessed with the PTSD Checklist for DSM 5 (PCL-5) and the revised version of Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI-II). Mixed ANOVAs and mediation analyses were applied to test intervention effects and putatively mediating influences of depression. Results Compared to the tauG, the IG showed significant reductions in the PTSD symptoms avoidance ( p = .038), negative cognitions ( p = .044), as well as depression ( p = .026). No significant improvements in verbal or visuospatial long-term memory were observed (all p >.05). Mediation analyses revealed no indirect effects of depressive symptoms on memory outcomes. Discussion and Conclusion C-bnt was associated with modest, domain-specific reductions in PTSD-related avoidance and depressive symptoms at post-treatment, while no improvements in verbal or visuospatial long-term memory performance were observed. Symptom relief may thus be based on intermingled changes of diverse cognitive resources and emotional processes. We suggest that c-bnt may serve as a low-threshold adjunct to trauma-focused therapy, that may help to improve health condition and capabilities of everyday life in soldiers with PTSD.