What question did this study set out to answer?

The aim is to investigate the impact of black tsunamis on marine structures by simulating wave parameters and forces influenced by sediment.

February 21, 2026Ocean EngineeringOpen Access

Prototype-scale simulation of key wave parameters and force induced by black tsunamis

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Simulation investigates the impact of suspended sediments on wave forces in marine environments, suggesting a new assessment approach.

The aim is to investigate the impact of black tsunamis on marine structures by simulating wave parameters and forces influenced by sediment.
Applied FS3M multiphase flow model to simulate black tsunamis.
Validated the model against small-scale flume experiments with different sediment concentrations.
Conducted prototype-scale 2D and 3D simulations to analyze wave and force responses under varying conditions.
2D simulations showed that suspended sediment reduces inundation depth and flow velocity under non-breaking conditions.
Breaking waves exhibited force amplification, with ratios between 1.02 and 1.06.
Sediment consistently attenuated horizontal wave forces in non-breaking cases, indicating conservative estimates in clear-water simulations.

Liu et al. (2026) studied this question.

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