Offshore and off-grid wind-powered hydrogen production is a potential solution to address the high cost and low utilization of power transmission infrastructure for far-sea wind farms. To ensure the stable and efficient operation of an offshore off-grid wind-hydrogen-storage system, this paper first proposes a multi-time-scale optimization and control framework considering the working state switching of PEM electrolyzers. On this basis, considering operational revenue, wind power utilization, and equipment degradation combined with the regulation feasibility of wind power, hydrogen production and energy storage subsystems, a short-term intraday rolling multi-objective optimization scheduling model is developed. Furthermore, a real-time ultra-short-term coordinated control method with finer time granularity is proposed to achieve rapid active power balancing under wind speed fluctuations. Finally, a Chinese pilot project is used as a case study to verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.
Yin et al. (2026) studied this question.