A Decentralised Hybrid Fuel-Cell and Battery Assisted Power Coordination Scheme for Grid-Interactive Electric Vehicle Charging Facilities

The rapid proliferation of electric vehicles has necessitated the development of resilient and intelligent charging infrastructures capable of accommodating fluctuating demand whilst preserving grid integrity. In this regard, hybrid energy storage architectures, particularly those combining battery energy storage with fuel-cell systems, have emerged as a promising solution for grid-interactive charging stations. This paper presents a decentralised power coordination framework for an electric vehicle charging facility integrated with photovoltaic generation, battery storage, and a proton exchange membrane fuel cell. A modified line-resistance-compensated droop mechanism is employed to regulate power sharing among distributed sources, thereby ensuring stable direct-current bus operation under both grid-connected and autonomous conditions. Particular emphasis is placed upon state-of-charge-oriented battery regulation to restrain excessive depth of discharge, while the fuel cell is constrained to operate within its linear efficiency region to enhance durability and operational economy. The proposed strategy facilitates unity power factor interaction with the utility grid, sustains acceptable harmonic performance during islanding events, and accommodates dynamic charging scenarios without reliance on centralised communication. The effectiveness of the control methodology is substantiated through comprehensive simulation and experimental investigations, demonstrating improved power-sharing accuracy, prolonged storage life, and uninterrupted charging operation under diverse operating contingencies.