What question did this study set out to answer?

To analyze the relationship between economic growth, FDI, trade openness, tourism expenditure, and CO₂ emissions in Pakistan.

Macroeconomic Determinants of CO₂ Emissions in Pakistan: The Role of Economic Growth

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To analyze the relationship between economic growth, FDI, trade openness, tourism expenditure, and CO₂ emissions in Pakistan.
Utilized annual time-series data from 2000 to 2019
Employed the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach
Investigated both short-run and long-run interactions among variables
FDI and economic growth significantly increase CO₂ emissions in the long run
Trade liberalization is also a major factor contributing to higher emissions
Tourism expenditure has a reducing effect on CO₂ emissions
Findings support the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis for Pakistan
Positive link between FDI and emissions aligns with the Pollution Haven Hypothesis

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Examines economic growth's impact on CO₂ emissions in Pakistan, suggesting key environmental policies.

Hameed et al. (2025) studied this question.

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