Iron nanoparticles as efficient nano fertilizers for sustainable agriculture

Within the realm of nanotechnology, nano fertilizers are gaining recognition as promising methods for effectively managing nutrients. The nano-fertilizer approach has significant potential in precision agriculture, since it allows for the targeted application of nutrients at specified locations, thereby minimizing fertilizer waste. Iron nanoparticles (INPs) have emerged as next-generation nano-fertilizers, offering a sustainable and efficient strategy for micronutrient management in modern agriculture. Conventional iron fertilizers often exhibit low solubility and bioavailability, leading to nutrient losses and environmental contamination. In contrast, INPs, owing to their nanoscale dimensions, high surface reactivity, and controlled-release behaviour, enable targeted delivery and improved uptake of iron by plants. These nanoparticles enhance chlorophyll synthesis, enzymatic activity, and photosynthetic efficiency while modulating antioxidant defines, hormonal regulation, and root development. These processes contribute to increased plant growth, yield, and resilience against abiotic stress. INPs minimize fertilizer waste and reduce ecological footprints, aligning with global goals for sustainable and precision agriculture. Recent advancements, such as bio-inspired synthesis and biopolymer or bimetallic composite formulations, further expand their agronomic potential. INPs thus represent a promising bridge between nanotechnology and sustainable crop production.