What question did this study set out to answer?

This research aims to understand the cold tolerance of all stages of Culicoides nubeculosus.

Substantial cold tolerance in all life stages of Culicoides nubeculosus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)

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Research assesses cold tolerance across life stages of Culicoides nubeculosus, indicating effects on population dynamics and disease risk.

This research aims to understand the cold tolerance of all stages of Culicoides nubeculosus.
Conducted cold exposure experiments on eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults
Used acute (1 h) and extended (6 and 24 h) treatments at temperatures from −1 to −18 °C
Measured survival, development, emergence, and adult wing size
Eggs tolerated ≤−18 °C, pupae −14 °C, L1 larvae and adults −10 °C, L4 larvae −7 °C
Extended cold exposure generally reduced survival rates
Sublethal effects included reduced adult emergence and up to ∼10% reduction in adult wing size

Devlin et al. (2026) studied this question.

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Research assesses cold tolerance across life stages of Culicoides nubeculosus, indicating effects on population dynamics and disease risk.