The digital infrastructure of the 21st century has undergone a metamorphosis so profound that the security paradigms of the previous decades are not merely inefficient—they are dangerously obsolete. The traditional \\\"castle-and-moat\\\" model, which concentrated defensive resources on a hardened network perimeter while assuming implicit trust for all internal traffic, has collapsed under the weight of cloud computing, mobile workforces, and the proliferation of the Internet of Things (IoT). In its place, Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA) has emerged as the definitive framework for securing the modern enterprise. Unlike legacy models that relied on physical or network location as a proxy for trust, Zero Trust operates on the rigorous axiom of \\\"Never Trust, Always Verify.\\\" This report offers an exhaustive examination of the Zero Trust landscape, tracing its intellectual genealogy from academic theory to the boardrooms of global corporations. It explores the operational complexities of replacing legacy Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) with Zero Trust Network Access (ZTNA), and analyses the critical role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in automating dynamic policy enforcement. Furthermore, it addresses the existential threat posed by quantum computing, outlining the necessary migration to Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC). By synthesizing historical context, technical specifications, and future market trends, this document serves as a foundational text for understanding Zero Trust not as a product, but as a strategic imperative for institutional resilience.
Rizwan Majeed (Thu,) studied this question.