Methodological Evaluation of Quasi-Experimental Design in Smallholder Farms Systems in Ghana: A Systematic Literature Review

Quasi-experimental designs are used to assess the impact of interventions in smallholder farms systems, particularly when randomization is not feasible due to resource constraints or external factors. A comprehensive search strategy was employed across multiple databases including Web of Science and Scopus. Studies were screened based on predefined inclusion criteria, with qualitative synthesis methods applied. The analysis identified a trend towards integrating econometric models to estimate treatment effects, with some studies reporting significant reductions in risk factors (e.g., Y = eta₀ + eta₁X + u, where Y is the outcome measure and X represents intervention variables; confidence interval of 95%). The review concludes that methodological rigor is essential for reliable quasi-experimental studies, with econometric models being a key component. Researchers are encouraged to adopt standardised econometric frameworks and transparent reporting practices to enhance the credibility and replicability of their findings.