Addressing Bias, Privacy, Security, and Patient Autonomy in Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Driven Healthcare: A Review of Current Guidelines

Integrating artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare has revolutionized patient care, diagnostics, and operational efficiency. However, the reliance of AI systems on vast amounts of personal data raises significant concerns regarding data privacy, security, and ethical governance. This narrative review examines global regulations, including the General Data Protection Regulation, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, and Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines, and contrasts them with India’s evolving data privacy landscape, particularly under the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023. The review explores key ethical challenges, including AI bias, patient consent, data security, and algorithmic transparency, and provides case studies from around the world. The paper concludes with policy recommendations to harmonize international standards, strengthen AI governance in healthcare, and foster ethical AI development.