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The research aims to evaluate groundwater vulnerability and quality in the Ibadan Metropolitan Area due to urbanization and pollution.

February 23, 2026Water ScienceOpen Access

Groundwater vulnerability assessment using multivariate statistics and heavy metal pollution index in Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria

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Research assesses groundwater quality and safety in Ibadan Metropolis, highlighting urbanization impacts on water resources.

The research aims to evaluate groundwater vulnerability and quality in the Ibadan Metropolitan Area due to urbanization and pollution.
Collected 100 groundwater samples from five local government areas.
Analyzed physicochemical parameters and heavy metals using standard methods.
Applied principal component analysis (PCA) to identify key components affecting water chemistry.
Utilized hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) to group samples based on lithological influences.
pH values ranged from 4.40 to 7.70, with several samples below the WHO-recommended minimum of 6.5.
Electrical conductivity (EC) values varied from 54.30 to 1870.00 µS/cm, with a mean of 715.91 µS/cm.
23% of samples exceeded the WHO threshold for total dissolved solids (TDS) of 500 mgL−1.
Heavy metal concentrations, including arsenic (up to 0.52 mgL−1) and lead (up to 0.96 mgL−1), surpassed WHO and USEPA maximum limits.

Emmanuel Oluwafemi Thomas (2026) studied this question.

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