β-casomorphin-7: a review of occurrence, identification, techno-functionality, and effects on human health

β-casomorphin-7 (βCM-7) is a bioactive peptide released after the digestion of β-casein A1 variant, mostly found in European cow breeds' milk. This review explores the occurrence, characteristics, identification, techno-functionality, and the potential health effects of βCM-7. It displays opioid-like properties because of its affinity for μ-opioid receptors, affecting both food texture and biological functions. βCM-7 has potential advantages on immune and gastrointestinal health; however, concerns persist regarding its adverse effects.