Virtual Reality to Engage People with Motor Disability in Leisure-Time Physical Activity: A Scoping Review

Leisure time physical activity (LTPA) plays a vital role in preventing and managing chronic diseases in people with disabilities (PWD). Using virtual reality (VR) can help people feel more comfortable and confident about LTPA. The aim of this study is to identify research focusing on VR, LTPA, and people with motor disabilities. Methods: A scoping review was completed by searching MEDLINE, CINAHL, SportDiscuss, Academic Search Premier, and Web of Science in June 2024 (updated July 2025). Eighteen studies were included. Results: Most studies examined cycling (56%) and targeted post-stroke (28%) and spinal cord injury (22%) populations. VR interventions showed potential to improve various domains such as functional mobility, motor function, and psychosocial well-being. A total of 35 distinct outcome measures were identified, categorized into motor/balance, physiological, psychological, user experience, and performance themes. Conclusions: While most VR interventions used LTPA primarily as a therapeutic tool, some were designed to teach sport-specific skills to facilitate participation outside the clinical setting. Future research should examine how VR can aid rehabilitation and prepare PWD for sustained engagement in LTPA.