Comparative venomics reveals intra, interspecific and ontogenetic changes in the venom composition of Lachesis snakes from Colombia

Background In Colombia, Lachesis snakes are not commonly implicated in snakebite incidents. However, the considerable number of severe envenomation cases and associated mortality rates represent a significant challenge that must be overcome. A deeper comprehension of the composition of their venom, along with its variability across their distribution range, including ontogenetic and sexual variations, will contribute to the enhancement of the scarce knowledge about them and the mitigation of the consequences of snake envenomation. Methodology/Principal Findings Through the application of snake venomics and in conjunction with biochemical characterization, here we analyze the venoms of fourteen specimens of Lachesis acrochorda (adults and juveniles) and L. muta from several geographical regions within Colombia. The venoms of juveniles and adults of L. acrochorda exhibited distinct chromatographic profiles and varying relative abundances of their toxins, indicating the presence of ontogenetic shifts, as well as enzymatic activities. Furthermore, a principal component analysis (PCA) revealed significant differences between the male and female samples in the chromatographic region associated with small peptides and nucleosides. In contrast, L. muta exhibited a relatively simple venom composition with low phospholipase activity and intense fibrinogen hydrolysis towards Aα and Bβ subunits. Finally, the Caldas sample exhibited the highest diversity of compounds and phospholipase activity. Conclusions Overall, the results indicate that Lachesis venoms display compositional and functional variation, that depend on age, sex and geographical zone.