Methodological Evaluation of Urban Primary Care Networks in Ghana Using Difference-in-Differences Modelfor Clinical Outcomes Assessment

Urban primary care networks (PCNs) are emerging in Ghana to improve healthcare delivery. However, their effectiveness is not well understood. A difference-in-differences approach was used to estimate the impact of urban PCN implementation on patient outcomes across two urban areas in Ghana. Data from to were analysed, including baseline and follow-up surveys. The model revealed a significant improvement in average treatment adherence rates (75% increase) among patients within the PCNs compared to those outside. Urban PCNs appear effective in improving patient adherence to prescribed treatments. Future studies should explore longitudinal outcomes and cost-effectiveness of urban PCN implementation. primary care networks, difference-in-differences model, clinical outcomes, Ghana healthcare Treatment effect was estimated with logit(pᵢ)=β₀+β^ Xᵢ, and uncertainty reported using confidence-interval based inference.