In real-world scenarios of optical information encoding systems, accurate retrieval of optical information can be challenging due to noise, environmental fluctuations, and system misalignment. As a potential solution, we propose a novel two-dimensional Polarization-referenced phase modulation (PRPM) that allows robust retrieval of encoded information under real-world conditions. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the robustness of the proposed modulation technique for singularity detection against turbulence and speckle noise conditions during propagation.
Tripathi et al. (2026) studied this question.