The effectiveness of municipal water systems in reducing health risks associated with contaminated water sources is a critical area for research and policy development in Kenya. A quasi-experimental design was employed to compare pre- and post-intervention data from municipal water supply systems in urban areas of Kenya. Data were collected through surveys and microbial testing of water samples. The analysis revealed a statistically significant reduction (p < 0. 05) in the prevalence of waterborne diseases post-system improvements, with an estimated effect size of 24%. This study provides robust evidence that municipal water system upgrades can effectively reduce health risks associated with contaminated water sources. Policymakers should prioritise continuous monitoring and upgrading of municipal water systems to maintain high levels of public health protection. Municipal Water Systems, Quasi-Experimental Design, Risk Reduction, Health Benefits, Urban Areas The empirical specification follows Y=₀+^ X+, and inference is reported with uncertainty-aware statistical criteria.
Cherono et al. (Fri,) studied this question.