Nanozyme-Based AuNCs for Enzymatic Detection

Gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) have emerged as multifunctional nanozymes with exceptional potential in biosensing and food safety applications. Their ultra-small size, quantum confinement effects, and strong photoluminescence enable them to serve as both catalytic agents and optical reporters. This review focuses on the synthesis of AuNCs within enzymatic frameworks, particularly the TetX2@AuNCs system, which demonstrates dual-mode detection of tetracycline via enzymatic degradation and fluorescence signaling. The integration of AuNCs into protein scaffolds enhances biocompatibility, stability, and substrate specificity. Multi-modal detection strategiesincluding luminometric, colorimetric, and spectrofluorimetric methods offer rapid, sensitive, and equipment-free monitoring. Compared to conventional enzymes, AuNC-based nanozymes exhibit superior thermal stability, broader pH tolerance, and longer shelf life. Despite challenges in scalability, toxicity assessment, and regulatory compliance, advancements in green synthesis and ligand engineering continue to drive their development. AuNCs are poised to become key components in next-generation biosensors for food safety and medical diagnostics.