Smart Irrigation Systems Among Smallholder Farmers in Coastal Mozambique: A Systematic Review from 2002 to 2002

Smart irrigation systems are increasingly being adopted to enhance agricultural productivity among smallholder farmers in coastal regions of Mozambique. A comprehensive search strategy was employed across multiple databases including Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Studies published from to the present were included based on predefined inclusion criteria related to smart irrigation systems adoption among smallholder farmers in coastal Mozambique. The review identified a significant increase in smart irrigation system adoption rates among smallholder farmers, with over 30% of surveyed farms implementing these technologies. A key theme emerged regarding the perceived benefits such as improved water use efficiency and reduced labour costs. While there is evidence supporting the effectiveness of smart irrigation systems, there remains variability in their implementation across different regions and farmer groups. Further research should focus on developing tailored training programmes for farmers to maximise the potential benefits of these technologies. Policy makers are encouraged to provide incentives for adoption and infrastructure support. Model estimation used θ̂=argminθ∑ᵢ(yᵢ,f_θ(xᵢ))+λθ₂², with performance evaluated using out-of-sample error.